N.º 26 2017 pp. 11-21

Article
In situ evaluation of the behaviour of earth-based mortar renders with low additions of limes

Tânia Santos^1,2,* , Paulina Faria^1,2 , António Santos Silva³ 

¹ CERIS - Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, Portugal

² Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal

³ Departamento de Materiais, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Avenida do Brasil, n.º 101, Lisboa, Portugal

* tr.santos@campus.fct.unl.pt

Abstract

Earth mortars are present in several building materials markets because of numerous advantages, particularly economic and ecological. Portugal has a vast earthen built heritage and these mortars are the most suitable for their rehabilitation and conservation. However, although some studies have been carried out on the behaviour of this type of mortars, little is known about their durability when applied outdoors. This study aims to assess the influence of adding low amounts of limes (air lime or natural hydraulic lime) and using washed sand on the durability of earth-based mortars applied as external wall renders. The results obtained did not show any improvement on the mechanical and physical characteristics of earth mortar renders with these additions and the washed sand. Therefore, to improve the performance of this material, namely towards liquid water, other additions, admixtures or surface protections should be studied.

Keywords

Earth
Air lime
Natural hydraulic lime
Render
Durability
In situ test

Language

Portuguese

Original title

Avaliação in situ do comportamento de rebocos exteriores de argamassas de terra com baixas adições de cais

DOI

10.14568/cp2016022

Download

PDF

Download citation

RIS | Endnote

Citation

History

Received: 2016-10-24
Revised: 2017-2-1
Accepted: 2017-2-16
Online: 2017-3-8
Publication: 2017-11-9

References

1 Bruno, P.; Faria, P.; Candeias, A.; Mirão, J., 'Earth mortars from on pre-historic habitat settlements in south Portugal. Case studies', Journal of Iberian Archaeology 13 (2010) 51-67.

2 Minke, G., Building with Earth. Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture, WIT Press, Berlin (2006).

3 Cantù, M.; Giacometti, F.; Landi, A. G.; Riccardi, M. P.; Tarantino, S. C; Grimoldi, A., 'Characterization of XVIIIth century earthen mortars from Cremona (Northen Italy): Insights on a manufacturing tradition', Materials Characterization 103 (2015) 81-89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2015.03.018.

4 Houben, H.; Guillaud, H., Traité de Construction en Terre, CRATerre, Editions Parentheses, France (1989).

5 Maddison, M.; Mauring, T.; Kirsimäe, K.; Mander, Ü., 'The humidity buffer capacity of clay-sand plaster filled with phytomass from treatment wetlands', Building and Environment 44 (2009) 1864-1868, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.12.008.

6 Darling, E.; Cros, C.; Wargocki, P.; Kolarik, J.; Marrison, G. C.; Corsi, R. L., 'Impacts of clay plaster on indoor air quality assessed using chemical and sensory measurements', Building and Environmental 57 (2012) 370-376, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.06.004.

7 Delinière, R.; Aubert, J. E.; Rojat, F.; Gasc-Barbier, M., 'Physical, mineralogical and mechanical characterization of ready-mixed clay plaster', Building and Environmental 80 (2014) 11-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.05.012.

8 Faria, P.; Santos, T.; Aubert, J. E., 'Experimental characterization of an earth eco-efficient plastering mortar', Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 28(1) (2016) 04015085, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001363.

9 DIN 18947 (2013) Earth Plasters. Terms and Definitions, Requirements, Test Methods, Deutsches Institut für Normung E.V., Berlin (2013).

10 Faria, P.; Santos, T.; Silva, V., 'Earth-based mortars for masonry plastering', in Proceedings of the 9th International Masonry Conference, Guimarães (2014) CD-ROM.

11 Stazi, F.; Nacci, A.; Tittarelli, F.; Pasqualini, E.; Munafò, P., 'An experimental study on earth plasters for earthen building protection: The effects of different admixtures and surface treatments', Journal of Cultural Heritage 17 (2016) 27-41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2015.07.009.

12 Morton, T., Earth masonry. Design and Construction Guideline, IHS BRE Press (2008).

13 Hall, M. R.; Allinson, D., 'Influence of cementitious binder content on moisture transport in stabilized earth materials analysed using 1-dimensional sharp wet front theory', Building and Environment 44 (2009) 688-693, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.05.013.

14 Gomes, M. I.; Gonçalves, T. D.; Faria, P., 'Hydric behaviour of earth materials and the effects of their stabilization with cement or lime: a study on repair mortars for historical rammed earth structures', Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 28(7) (2016) 04016041, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001536.

15 Minke, G., 'Shrinkage, abrasion, erosion and sorption of clay plasters', Informes de la Construcción 63(532) (2011) 153-158, https://doi.org/10.3989/ic.10.020.

16 Gomes, M. I.; Gonçalves, T. D.; Faria, P., 'Earth-based repair mortars: experimental analysis with different binders and natural fibers', in Rammed Earth Conservation, ed. C. Mileto, F. Vegas & V. Cristini, Taylor & Francis, London (2012) 661-668.

17 Kita, Y., 'The functions of vegetable mucilage in lime and earth mortars - A review', in HMC2013 - 3rd Historic Mortars Conference, Glasgow (2013) CD-ROM.

18 Mèlia, P.; Ruggieri, G.; Sabbadini, S.; Dotelli, G., 'Environmental impacts of natural and conventional building materials: a case study on earth plasters', Journal of Cleaner Production 80 (2014) 176-186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.05.073.

19 Lima. J.; Faria, P.; Santos Silva, A., 'Earthen plasters based on illitic soils from Barrocal region f Algarve: contributions for building performance and sustainability', Key Engineering Materials 678 (2016) 64-77, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.678.64.

20 Cagnon, H.; Aubert, J. E.; Coutand, M.; Magniont, C., 'Hygrothermal properties of earth bricks', Energy and Buildings 80 (2014) 208-217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.05.024.

21 Ashour, T.; Georg, H.; Wu, W., 'An experimental investigation on equilibrium moisture content of earth plaster with natural reinforcement fibres for straw bale buildings', Applied Thermal Engineering 31 (2011) 293-303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.09.009.

22 Bui, Q. B.; Morel, J. C.; Venkatarama Reddy, B. V.; Ghayad, W., 'Durability of rammed earth walls exposed for 20 years to natural weathering', Building and Environmental 44 (2009) 912-919, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.07.001.

23 Hamard, E.; Morel, J. C.; Salgado, F.; Marcom, A.; Meunier, N., 'A procedure to assess the suitability of plaster to protect vernacular earthen architecture', Journal of Cultural Heritage 14 (2013) 109-115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2012.04.005.

24 NP EN 459-1 (2011). Cal de Construção. Parte 1: Definições, Especificações e Critérios de Conformidade, IPQ, Caparica (2011).

25 ASTM D2240 (2000). Standard Test Method for Rubber Property - Durometer Hardness, ASTM (2000).

26 ASTM C805 (2008). Standard Test Method for Rebound Hammer of Hardened Concrete, ASTM (2008).

27 EN 1015-12 (2000). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry - Part 12: Determination of Adhesive Strength of Hardened Rendering and Plastering Mortars on Substrates, CEN, Brussels (2000).

28 Veiga, M. R.; Velosa, A.; Magalhães, A., 'Experimental applications of mortars with pozzolanic additions: Characterization and performance evaluation', Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 318-327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.12.003.

29 Röhlen, U.; Ziegert, C., Earth Building Practice, Bauwerk, Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin (2011).

30 Drdácky, M.; Lesák, J.; Niedoba, K.; Valach, J., 'Peeling tests for assessing the cohesion and consolidation characteristics of mortar and render surfaces', Materials and Structures 48 (2014) 1947-1963, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0285-8.

31 EN 16302 (2013). Conservation of Cultural Heritage - Test Methods: Measurement of Water Absorption by Pipe Method, CEN, Brussels (2013).

32 Faria, P.; Silva, V.; Jamú, N.; Dias, I., 'Evaluation of air lime and clayish earth mortars for earthen wall renders', in Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture: Contributions for Sustainable Development, ed. M. Correia, G. Carlos & S. Rocha, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, London (2014) 407-413.

33 Tavares, M.; Veiga, M. R.; Fragata, A., 'Conservation of old renderings - the consolidation of rendering with loss of cohesion', in HMC2008 - 1st Historical Mortars Conference, Lisbon (2008) CD-ROM.

Stable url: https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2016022